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This paper considers the problems of finding measurements for the two major principles of primary health care (PHC), equity and participation. Finally, we discuss the theoretical implications of this research. The study also revealed elements that were significant in promoting participation through the action research process: key persons, information and network, utilising existing local resources, dialogue in meetings, and multisectional practice. Showing the four dimensions of participation in each step, we found promoting participation of various stakeholders improved disabled people’s living conditions and enhanced their empowerment. Data were analysed with a qualitative procedure, except for quantitative data. The study used data from the hearing survey on disabled children under 18 years old (n=103), semi-structured interviews with disabled people (n=20), focus group discussions with participants of community workshops (n=34) and social services officers (n=5) separately, and the authors’ field notes, amongst others. An action research approach was applied in March 2013, which consisted of eight steps.

This research was mainly conducted in the model administrative division of the national CBR programme in Anuradhapura district. As a conceptual framework, four dimensions of participation in community-based rehabilitation (CBR) are summarised from previous research. This study examines the participation of stakeholders, including disabled people, in disability and community issues in rural areas in Sri Lanka. This study provides new insight into how different tools are used to engage citizen in governance through various e-participation models and what are challenges to enable the citizen to participate in the democratic process in India. In this study, we have analyzed the various innovative frameworks to understand the transition of citizens’ direct participation in Democracy to their e-participation in Digital Democracy. Although there are many frameworks to understand the pattern and motives of e- participation of people, yet none of them is adequate to capture the holistic view due to variations in the social context, digital inclusion, technological advancement, demographic changes etc. Various democratic governments are trying to define the future path of citizen participation in democratic decision through ICT based platform and thus with time various academic work with an innovative approach have come up.

The range and availability of citizen e-participation platforms provided by the government, non-government organizations as well as private players are increasing day by day as the idea of governance is shifting more and more from democracy to digital democracy.

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Hence, with the passage of time and post-advent of ICT, citizens’ political participation has taken diverse forms both offline as well as online which gave rise to the concept of e-participation which acts as the backbone of Digital Democracy. For instance, Gundogan (2010) believed that political participation is an essential component of democracy and consists of transferring citizens’ ideas, opinions, feelings, desires, and critics to governing process at the stage of preparing policies, developing a solution and implementing the decisions.

Many scholars have underlined the importance of citizen’s participation in democracy and how ICT can play an important role in it. The Internet and the corresponding rise of social media have provided scope for various innovative ways of engaging citizen and the democratic electorate on issues that matter for both as one nation.

Just like any other social system, democracy too needs regular innovation to respond to changing societal necessities and norms.